Critically examine the circumstances under which the United Nations Security Council can trigger the exercise of jurisdiction by the International Criminal Court. The WritePass Journal

Critically examine the circumstances under which the United Nations Security Council can trigger the exercise of jurisdiction by the International Criminal Court. Abstract Critically examine the circumstances under which the United Nations Security Council can trigger the exercise of jurisdiction by the International Criminal Court. ) ICC Now, iccnow.org/?mod=court 11 December 2013. Coalition for the International Criminal Court. (2012) A Universal Court with Global Support UN and the ICC, ICC Now, [Online], Available: iccnow.org/?mod=unicc [11 December 2013]. Corrina Heyder, The UN Security Security Councils Referral of the Crimes in Darfur to the International Criminal Court in Light of US Opposition to the Court: Implications for the International Criminal Courts Functions and Status (2006) Berkeley Journal of International Law, Volume 24, Issue Dapo Akande, The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits (2003) Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 1. David Blunkett and Geoffrey Bindman, ‘Government versus the law’ (2002) Law Society Gazette, Issue 38, LS Gaz, 03 Oct. David Wippman, Atrocities, Deterrence and the Limits of International Justice (1999) Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 23. Donald Hafner and Elizabeth King, ‘Beyond traditional notions of transitional justice: how trials, truth commissions and other tools of accountability can and should work together’ (2007) International and Comparative Law Review, Volume 30, Article 6. Europa, ‘Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes: Criminal Investigation and Prosecution’ (2003) Summaries of EU Legislation, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/judicial_cooperation_in_criminal_matters/l16005_en.htm 11 December 2013. Global Campaign for the Crime of Aggression, The ICC and the UN Security Security Council (2013) Crime of Aggression, http://crimeofaggression.info/role-of-the-icc/the-icc-and-the-un-security-Security Council/ 12 December 2013. Margot E Salomon, Global Responsibility for Human Rights: World Poverty and the Development of International Law (OUP Oxford, 2007). Maximo Langer, Universal Jurisdiction as Janus Faced (2013) Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 11, Issue 4. Michelle Maiese, ‘Human Rights Protection’ (2004) beyondintractability.org/essay/human_rights_protect/ 12 December 2013. Mohamed El-Zeidy, M, ‘The United Nations Dropped the Atomic Bomb of Vanderbilt’ (2002) Journal of Trans National Law, Volume 35. Scott Straus, Darfur and the Genocide Debate, International Commission for Inquiry on Darfur (2005) Report of the International Commission for Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary General, un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf 12 December 2013. Tomasz Iwanek,   ‘The 2003 Invasion of Iraq: How the System Failed’ (2010) Journal of Conflict and Security Law 89, Volume 15, Issue 1. SIPRI, ‘UN Arms Embargo on Libya’ (2011), sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/libya/libya_2011 [17 December 2013]. United Nations, International Organisations (2010) International Relations Law, Volume 61, 5th Edition. Luigi Condorelli and Annalisa Ciampi, Comments on the Security Security Council Referral of the Situation in Darfur to the ICC (2005) Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 11, Issue 5. United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Security Council, (2010) Thirteenth Session, Agenda item 7, Human Rights Situation in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories, http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2B74828D74985F67852576D9005AA5EE, 12 December 2013. United Nations, International Organisations (2010) International Relations Law, Volume 61, 5th Edition. Mohammad Shouman, The Role of the UN Security Security Council in the ICC (2012) ICJ Central, http://ijcentral.org/blog/the_role_of_the_u.n._security_Security Council_in_the_icc/ 11 December 2013.

9 Myths About Learning Italian

9 Myths About Learning Italian Its easy to listen to popular opinions about how difficult it is to learn a language.   But just like any other self-improvement activity or skill (dieting, working out, and sticking to a budget come to mind), you can convince yourself with a multitude of excuses why you cant pronounce Italian words or conjugate Italian verbs  or you can use that time and energy to learn la bella lingua. To help you get over that as quickly as possible, here are ten of the most common myths about learning Italian. Italian is More Difficult to Learn Than English Reality:  Research shows that Italian is  easier to learn English. Beyond the scientific reasons, though, as a child, no one knows any better when learning to speak their native tongue. One way around the frustration when learning Italian is to remember that everyone was a beginner at one time. Children laugh and enjoy speaking and singing nonsense words for the sheer joy of hearing themselves. As the Italian proverb says, Sbagliando simpara - by making mistakes one learns.   I Wont Be Able to Roll My Rs Reality: The fact is, some Italians cannot roll their Rs either. Its called la erre moscia (soft r), its oftentimes a result of a regional accent or dialect and also traditionally associated with upper-class speech. Italians from the north of Italy, especially in the northwest region of Piedmont (close to the French border), are famous for this speech variation - which shouldnt be a surprise, given the influence of the French language on the local dialect. In fact, the linguistic phenomenon is also called la erre alla francese. For those who do want to learn to roll their Rs, try placing your tongue against the roof of your mouth (near the front) and trill your tongue. If all else fails, pretend youre revving up a motorcycle or repeat the following English terms a few times: ladder, pot o tea, or butter There Arent Any Schools Near My Home Reality: Who needs a school? You can study Italian online, listen to a podcast,  listen to Italian audio, or find an Italian pen pal to practice writing. In short, the Internet is a multimedia platform where you can utilize all the elements necessary to learn Italian. Ill Never Use Italian Reality: No matter your motivation for learning Italian, new opportunities can present themselves in ways you cannot imagine initially. Youll make friends when you visit, find a TV show you love, or perhaps, even fall in love yourself. Who knows? Im Too Old to Learn Italian Reality:  People of all ages can learn Italian. To a certain extent, its a question of determination and dedication. So stop procrastinating and start practicing! No One I Know Speaks Italian, So Theres No Opportunity to Practice Reality:  Contact the Italian department at your local college or an Italian American organization since they frequently sponsor wine tastings or other events where participants can meet and mingle to practice Italian. Or join your local Italian Language Meetup group. Organized by Meetup.com, the Italian Language Meetup is a free gathering at a local venue for anyone interested in learning, practicing, or teaching Italian. Native Italians Wont Understand Me Reality:  If you make an effort, chances are theyll parse out what youre saying. Try  Italian hand gestures, too. And if you strike up a conversation, youll be practicing Italian. An important part of learning to speak Italian is building your self-confidence - so the more you try to express yourself, the quicker youll learn the language.   Im Only Visiting Italy for a Short Time, So Why Bother? Reality:  Why bother, indeed? Travelers to Italy will want to learn Italian survival phrases to help them with both the practical (you do want to know where the bathroom is, dont you?) as well as the mundane (i.e.,  how to decipher an Italian menu).   I Have to Use a Textbook to Study Italian, and I  Dont Like Them Reality:  There are  many effective ways to study Italian. Whether its reading an Italian textbook, completing workbook exercises, listening to a tape or CD, or conversing with a native Italian speaker, any method is appropriate.

Question 31 & 32 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question 31 & 32 - Essay Example This means that criminal activities take places because criminals have low control over themselves. Individuals have low control over themselves because they have been brought up in a poor manner and their attachment with their parents is even quite weak which elevates the chances of them getting into a criminal act. Hirshi and Gottfredson even state that individuals who have low control over themselves even indulge in actions that may not be considered criminal but are quite harmful, these actions include: alcohol and drug abuse, road accidents and pregnancies that are not wanted. The base of the general theory of crime is the elements of love, affection, involvement and belief. Individuals having low self control are those who are not committed to the norms and cultural values of their societies and they end up committing criminal act as they give preference to satisfaction over the norms and cultural values of their society. 2. The theory of Left Realism came into existence during 1970s and was created in response to the importance given to deviant behaviors conducted by those who are considered as elite of the society (Adler, 2010, p.205). Left Realism states that the people within the lower class experience day to day criminal activities conducted against them and they mainly experience street related crimes (Vito, 2006, p.232). According to Left realists, street crimes are caused because individuals are committers of these crimes are deprived from social and political participation. Another emerging perspective of criminology is peacemaking criminology; this ideology of criminology promotes fairness, nonviolent living and impartiality between the components of the society (Adler, 2010, p.206). According to peacemaking criminology, the current state of fighting crime and actions used to counter criminal activities can only lead to more

Nursing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing management - Essay Example The prevalence of marijuana use peaked in males and females aged 20–29 years (Maxwell, 2003). In young people aged 14 to 17 years, the drug was used at least once by 28% of persons falling in this group whereas in the elderly people, consumption decreased after the age of 40 years and the rate continued to decrease as age increased thereafter. The consumption of marijuana was much higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (50%) when compared to non-indigenous Australians (33%). Also, there was no difference noted in marijuana intake between those living in urban areas and those in remote and rural areas. The drug abuse was more in those with English speaking background than those with non-English speaking background. Women who were either breast feeding or pregnant or both consumed much less than other women. Marijuana is a mixture of dried parts of the plant hemp including leaves, stems, seeds and flowers. It appears green, brown, or grey depending on the composition. It is referred to by many street names such as herb, weed, grass, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, or chronic. It is usually consumed in the form of cigarette (referred to as ‘joint’ or ‘nail’) or pipe. Most often it is consumed with other illicit drugs like cocaine (called ‘blunts’) or tobacco. It is taken in mainly for the mental effects like altered state of consciousness, perceptual changes like hallucinations and heightened sensory experiences. The main active chemical having psycho-activity in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) (Astolfi, 1998). Other than euphoria and hallucinations, marijuana has other effects also. The immediate effects are blood shot eyes, dry mouth and throat, sleepiness, paranoia, decreased ability to concentrate, coordinate and react, along with impaired short- term memory, comprehension, speech and learning. There is decreased ability to judge distances and react to signals and sounds on the road causing accidents.

Education - Teacher Essay Example for Free

Education Teacher Essay The education has been derived from Latin words Educare†. â€Å"Educare means to train, to bring and lead out, so we can say that education is to bring up, to developing and shaping up the individual talent and his inner potentialities. Definition: Education is a process in which and by which the knowledge, characters and behavior of the human being are shaped and molded. Education is lead to the enlightenment of mankind. According Imam Gzali Imam Ghazali said that education is a process which enables an individual to distinguish between the true and false, the good and bad, the right conduct and the evil doing. Educational policy: Education policy refers to the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems. Education occurs in many forms for many purposes through many institutions. For example early childhood education, two and four year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education, adult education and job training. Therefore, education policy can directly affect the education people engage in at all ages. Policy 1979 Page 1 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 National Education Policy, 1979. On 29 March 1972 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced the education policy. As a result all private education institutes were taken into national grip and brought changes in all other aspect of education. July 1977 General Zai-ul-Haq announced that new administration wanted to impose Islamic system. They considered it their aim. They believed that goals could not be achieved unless educational system based on Islamic system. For this purpose General Zia-ul-Haq conducted the conference of teachers, educationalist and of intelligent people. This conference gave recommendation for whole educational system. Muhammad Ali Khan announced this national policy. The main purpose of this policy was to impose education on Islamic system and to impose Urdu language by means of education. Main aim of the National Educational Conference 1979 was: ? Fostering loyalty to Islam. ? Creation of concept of Muslim Ummah. ? Promotion of science and technical education. Recommendation The main recommendation of the education policy of 1979 was following. 1. Elementary Education ? ? ? ? ? In coming five years 13000 schools will have opened Schools will have opened for those girls that were deprived from formal education Enable the students to stand on their courage Residential irony and training centers will have constructed for rural female teacher 5000 masjid will have constructed and books will have provided free of cost 2. Secondary Education ? 2000 new secondary institutes will have opened and converted 1000 middle schools into secondary institutes ? In the curriculum of secondary education new subject will have added ? Scope of secondary education will have intended so that students found take part in productive activities ? Secondary education will have considered from nine class to second year Policy 1979 Page 2 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 3. Higher Education ? In selected girls colleges of all provinces post graduates classes will have started ? Valuation will have given to teachers of University to extend their education professional training ? Scholarship will have given to intelligent students and teachers ? In coming five years no other new universities except women universities. New buildings of colleges will have constructed for girls and boys ? Provincial government will responsible to bear all expenses of universities Features: It was said in nation policy 1979 that education is a continuous process. Any educational policy cannot complete without education. Main features of recommendation are given below. 1. Masjid School It was planned in national educational policy that masjid schools masjid will have opened in these schools other subjects will have together alongside primary education. Moreover it was decided to open 5000 masjid school 2. Women Education It was recommended in policy to establish separate women university. Main point was to get attention of women towards education 3. Special Education It is also recommend in policy that central government will have prepared plans for the education of blinds, handicap able. Such person will have prepared to ea rn their livelihood 4. Establishment of private Institution In national policy establishment of private institute were allowed in this way education of inhabitants of country will have increased. Policy 1979 Page 3 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 5. Mohallah Schools It was recommended to open Mohallah schools for those girls that could not get admissions in formal educational institutes. For this purpose 5000 school were opened 6. Religious Education Arabic will have compulsory up to 8th class. It will have taught as a compulsory subject 7. Village workshop schools It was recommended in policy to open workshops schools for those children who leave study. Main purpose was to enable them to earn their livelihood. 8. Medium of instruction It was planned in policy that all English medium school that get government aids will consider Urdu language as a medium of instruction IMPACT: 1. Clear foundation of education In national educational policy Islamic Ideology of life was considered as base of education 2. University Grants Commission It was decided in policy to give university grant commission to university to save their problems moreover it was said that government would bear expenses of university and these amount were given a grant commission 3. Urdu Language. It also decided in educational policy that all official work will have performed in Urdu language. It was compulsory for English medium schools that get government aids to adopt language selected bay provincial government Policy 1979 Page 4 National Education Policy 1979 By Roll No. 01,48,12,37,41 4. Islamic Madras’s According to the decision of national policy those people were held for public services that have certificate from Islamic Madras’s. in this way benefits of Madras increased and preached Islam 5. Teacher welfare Residential colony was constructed for rural teachers. For getting external in internal education scholarship was given to teachers Milestones achieved by Education Policy 1979: 1. The medium of instruction was switched over to Urdu in government schools. 2. Private schools were allowed to have English as the medium of instruction. This led to the operation of two different systems of education within the country, one for those who could afford private education, and one for the rest of the nation. This two tier system contributed to a widening socio-economic inequity with the consequent feeling of injustice and resentment. 3. The policy of nationalization was reversed. 4. The private sector was encouraged to open schools. 5. The funding of universities was made through the Federal government. Suggested strategies to achieve goals of Policy: 1. Merging madras and traditional education. 2. Urdu as a medium of education. 3. Effective participation of community in literacy programs. 4. Linked scientific and technical education. 5. Separate instates for male and female. 6. Mosque schools. Implementation: This policy was not implemented properly and failed due to lack of planning and financial resources. Policy 1979.

Audio Engineer Essay -- essays papers

Audio Engineer An audio engineer is responsible for the operation of the soundboard and other equipment in the recording of music, words, sounds, or any combination of such material. There are several types of engineering positions available in today's studios. In large studios, there are usually several engineers, each with the own duties and contributions. There are recording engineers, recording assistants, set-up engineers, maintenance engineers, and even mix-down engineers in some cases. In smaller studios the engineer is usually responsible for all of these duties. As a rule, the engineer should be able to set-up, use, and fix the equipment they work with. In the studio, the recording engineer has to prepare for the recording sessions by setting up the necessary equipment, run the equipment during the session, and break down afterwards. While this sounds all too simple, one must remember that the engineer must work with the producer and the act to achieve the sound they're looking for, as well as troubleshoot any technical problems. This is not always a smooth process. The engineer must employ both creative and technical skills, applying their knowledge and experience to helping create music in collaboration with the artist and producer. There are many degree programs offered by schools around the world, leaving the prospective recording engineer with several routes of training. One method of receiving training in the audio engineering field is through short course and seminars. While these serve only as an introduction to the field by themselves, they are also instrumental in keeping professionals abreast with current trends and technologies affecting the industry. Such seminars are also a great source of networking for the professional. Short courses and seminars are an excellent way of supplementing a one or two-year program to enter the field. These schools tend to concentrate on the actual usage and maintenance of studio equipment. Hands-on experience and intensive exposure to the equipment is an advantage of such a program. Most offer considerable job placement services as well. Trade or occupational schools are a good choice if someone wishes to someday become a recording engineer. A student may also choose to attend a university or college and pursue a four-year degree in audio engineering. Most of these progr... ...ate education for entry into the field. The annual income of an audio engineer can range from $12,000 at an entry-level position to upwards of $125,000+ for top positions. Remember too that successful freelance engineering is very lucrative. Not only can the reputable freelance demand higher pay, but may also share in the royalties of a particularly successful project. There a few things that one needs to consider before choosing to pursue a career in audio engineering. A recording engineer often has to work long, irregular hours. An engineer must also be able to work well under extreme pressure. It also helps if the engineer has a good musical ear, as well as an appreciation of music. Naturally, it helps to be fairly adept technically and electronically. If you feel like this is you, and you can handle working for a long time without reward (hopefully not too long), then a career in audio engineering could be for you. Bibliography: Resources Field, Shelly. Career Opportunities in the Music Industry. 3rd Ed. New York: Facts on File, 1995. Martin, George. Making Music. New York: Quill, 1984. Http://hrdc.igr.com/lmi/occ prof/5225 html (career overview)

Business Strategies Success of McDonald

Social responsibility is the concept that business is part of the larger society in which it exists and must therefore act in a way that not only advances the firm, but also serves the society. More than ever firms are being challenged to integrate social responsibilities in to their operations. Many firms now believe that social responsibility to be a lot more than granting money to community groups or volunteering their time to organizations – although these are both important ways that firms support the community. Today, business leaders recognize that a commitment to corporate social responsibility can provide distinct advantage in attracting and retaining employees, dealing with suppliers and regulators, strengthening customer relationships and providing positive returns for investors. Let us take a look at some of the social responsibility issues and analyze how businesses are showing their social responsibility. Around the world there are lots of environmental concerns that challenge companies to be better global citizens. Leading companies know that taking a strong role in protecting the environment improves the efficiency of operations and saves money, making a positive impact on business partners, customers and investors. Let us see how socially responsible companies are responding to the environmental concerns. Delphi Automotive Systems is dedicated to protecting human health, natural resources and the global environment. For Delphi, a commitment to environmental management is a critical business strategy. Delphi has certified 15 of its global manufacturing sites under ISO 14001, a global standard that recognizes facilities that have systems in place to proactively manage and reduce their environmental impact. The company is working toward earning this certification for all 168 of its manufacturing facilities around the world over the next three years. John Jaffurs, director, Delphi environmental services, states, â€Å"We want to formally integrate our environmental management into the goals of the business. Delphi is using ISO 14001 and other tools as a means of creating a total environmental management system. This will allow us to integrate operational environmental issues directly into future planning. † Delphi's involvement in reducing the automobile's environmental impact began more than 30 years ago with the introduction of the first catalytic converters. Delphi works to reduce emissions, increase fuel economy, decrease vehicle mass and enhance the recyclability of its products. Delphi also believes that the reduction or elimination of materials can go far in helping the environment. Delphi's E-STEER Electric Power Steering reduces the number of seals and totally eliminates the power steering fluid, hoses and pump from the power steering system. In 1995, 75 percent of all cars sold (approximately 27 million) were equipped with traditional power steering and carried an estimated 40 million liters of hydraulic fluid. This new technology can result in a significant reduction in raw materials, which means less material to recycle or dispose after the life of the product. E-STEER also reduces energy demand by up to 80 percent, resulting in improved fuel economy and reduced vehicle emissions. E-STEER received the 1999 PACE (Premier Automotive Suppliers' Contribution of Excellence) award from Automotive News and Ernst & Young LLP, which recognizes automobile suppliers who have excelled in adapting and reinventing their companies and their products to meet the growing demands of their customers — the world's major automotive manufacturers. E-STEER is just one example of the many innovative product technologies Delphi can offer to provide environmental solutions to its customers. According to the American Lung Association, motor vehicle emissions account for approximately 77 ercent of the carbon monoxide (CO), more than 35. 6 percent of the volatile organic compounds (including hydrocarbons) and around 45 percent of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) in our nation's air. With this in mind, car manufacturers like GM, Ford and Honda are now producing and marketing cleaner-burning cars powered by electricity, alternate fuels or a combination of the two. Environmentalists like to refer to these as â€Å"green cars† because they represent an environmentally responsible way to travel in style. Politicians, on the other hand, have begun to see the potential for addressing larger issues. Earlier this year, Representative Robert T. Matsui (D-CA) introduced legislation that would give up to $5,000 per year in consumer tax credits to people with green cars. With this in mind, GM came up with its environment friendly â€Å"EV1†, Ford with its â€Å"Ranger† and Honda with its â€Å"Insight†. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the nation's largest electricity producer, has announced that it will begin test-marketing alternative energy sources as early as next year. As phase one of the TVA's Green Power Program, the test will utilize wind, solar and landfill gas energy sources to generate roughly three to six megawatts of power. Eight distributors, representing all seven of the Tennessee Valley Public Power Association's districts, have agreed to participate in the test. If the test is successful, TVA customers could see full-scale implementation by the end of 2003. The Green Power Program is the first of its kind in the Southeast. In related news, the TVA received word June 18 that the Department of Energy (DOE) has approved a proposal from the Virginia Alliance for Solar Electricity (VASE) to provide matching funding for the Green Power Program. The TVA's marketing plan for Green Power represents the fruits of an alternate energy initiative that began in January 1998. At that time, the TVA solicited and received 22 proposals for adding renewable electricity generators to its energy production facilities. Initial research also revealed that 84 percent of TVA customers favored a green power option. In the fall of 1998, the TVA held seven public forums that further confirmed the need for a Green Power. Participants included several members of the environmental community, utility executives, energy experts, healthcare organizations and representatives from citizens' groups. After the forums, the TVA formed the â€Å"multi-interest team† that was eventually responsible for the 2000 test-marketing plan. As the association of U. S. shareholder-owned electric utilities, Edison Electric Institute (EEI) works with key stakeholder groups, including regulators, legislators and member companies, to achieve environmental excellence. EEI's Climate Challenge program is a voluntary effort created in partnership with the Department of Energy in response to concerns about global climate change, says spokesman Jim Owen. To date, more than 600 electric utilities participate in the program, which means they have pledged to sequester or avoid 170 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the year 2000. This is more than four times the original goal established by the government in 1993. While some Climate Challenge efforts are undertaken by individual utilities, there are five industry-wide initiatives in place as well. These include Envirotech Investment Funds, which provide venture capital for emerging renewable technologies; the Utility Forest Carbon Management program, which funds tree planting and forest management projects; the National Earth Comfort Program, which promotes geothermal heat pumps; EV America, which introduces electric vehicles into the marketplace; and International Utility Efficiency Partner-ships, which support joint projects with foreign utilities and governments to provide efficiency of new or existing power systems. According to the Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration, electric utilities represent almost 85 percent of the voluntary actions to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gases. In addition, electric utilities have made significant progress in restoring aquatic habitats, protecting endangered species and generating renewable energy, says Owen Bridging the gap between school and work is another critical link that companies are focusing on. The national organization Jobs for the Future (JFF) was founded in 1983 to help prepare tomorrow's workforce and smooth the transition from school to work. Ford†s Contribution in developing tomorrow's workforce Ford Foundation, is an initiative that seeks to create a measurable increase in jobs, wealth, services and other community infrastructure through increased corporate involvement in community economic development. JFF works with the initiative's many partners, whose collective experience and expertise cover community and economic development, national and international business and education to achieve these goals. One of JFF's major corporate partners is the Ford Motor Company. The two organizations have developed a relationship in which they exchange expertise and experience that allow both to enhance their individual programs. â€Å"In today's rapidly changing economy, schools alone cannot effectively prepare young people for a successful future,† explains Hilary Pennington, president of Jobs for the Future. â€Å"Academic standards are only part of the equation. Young people need the chance to apply what they've learned to new situations, and what happens in the real world is hard to simulate in school. We try to build partnerships between companies and schools to give kids opportunities to expand their learning experience. The Ford program is a splendid example of this type of partnership. † Ford has created several innovative education initiatives that â€Å"are helping us create a pipeline — for employees and suppliers, as well as a consumer base for our products,† says Renee Lerche, director, workforce development, Ford Motor Company. For example, the Ford Academy of Manufacturing Sciences (FAMS) is an academic- and work-based program in public high schools. The program's goals are to provide students the opportunity to learn science, math, technology and communications skills in real-life settings and encourage them to pursue secondary education. Ford trains high school teachers, who teach the manufacturing-oriented courses to 11th or 12th grade students (participants take two courses through Ford each year). An internship during the summer between 11th and 12th grade provides work experience as well. The program serves as a way not only to attract future employees to Ford, says Lerche, but also as a way to draw customers for its cars and trucks. We don't have concrete evidence that if you do these things, people buy your products. However, these activities do influence perception of our commitment to the communities in which we do business,† says Lerche. Issues such as environmental protection, education and community support are critical to companies that want to gain the trust and loyalty of their constituents. The companies profiled here understand that corporate social responsibility offers clear business benefits for all stakeholders.